Estimation of In-vitro Plasma Protein Binding of Ampicillin in Horses Based on Spectrophotometric Method

Estimation of plasma protein binding (PPB) is of paramount importance in the pharmacokinetics characterization of drugs, as it can cause significant change in volume of distribution, clearance and half-life of the drug. Ampicillin (α-amino benzyl penicillin) is most commonly used drug in equine practice. This study was conducted to determine the extent of PPB of ampicillin in apparently healthy horses (n=6). A simple spectrophotometric method was applied for the determination of ampicillin at 320 nm wavelength, based on acid degradation product of penicillin at 75°C in presence of citrate buffer (pH 5.2) and traces of copper salt. In the study, it was observed that this method permits the detection of ampicillin to a level not beyond 1.0 μg/ml. Various concentrations of ampicillin (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml) were prepared in triplicate in pooled plasma collected from healthy animals. In vitro binding of ampicillin to plasma proteins was determined by employing the equilibrium dialysis technique. The study revealed that the plasma protein binding of ampicillin was to the extent of 12.8 ± 0.07 %. Binding capacity of ampicillin to plasma protein (βi) and dissociation rate constant of protein-drug complex (Kβ) in the present study were 0.34 × 10-6 ± 0.02 × 10-6 mol.gm-1 and 0.003 × 10-9 ± 0.0003 × 10-9 mol, respectively in horses. Hence, the study concluded that usage of spectrophotometric method helps in quick, cost effective and efficient results in estimation of PPB for ampicillin

In-vitro Plasma Protein Binding of Marbofloxacin in Healthy and Disease Condition of Buffalo Calves

Marbofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed for use in veterinary medicine for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in dogs and cats. Plasma protein binding plays a vital role in distribution, elimination and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. In the present study we evaluated the plasma protein binding of marbofloxacin in healthy and liver dysfunctioned buffalo calves. In vitro binding of marbofloxacin to plasma proteins was determined by employing the equilibrium dialysis technique and further analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography assay. The plasma protein binding for healthy calves ranges between 25.3±0.34% to 30.4±0.40% with an overall binding of 28.66 ± 0.421%. Kinetic constants (βi) and (Kβ) was 2.6±0.12×10-8 mole/g and 1.9±0.08×10-7 mole, respectively. The percentage of plasma protein binding for liver dysfunctioned buffalo calves extended from 24.5 - 30.3% with an overall mean of 28.59 ± 0.693%. The binding capacity of the drug to plasma proteins (βi) and dissociation rate constant of protein drug complex (Kβ) were 2.53±0.13 10-5 mole/g and 1.94±0.09×10-6 mole respectively. There was no significant change observed in plasma protein binding and the kinetic constant of liver dysfunctioned buffalo calves when compared to the healthy group

Polynomial regression model to estimate time since death in adults from rectal temperature in Chandigarh zone of Northwest India.

Estimation of time since death from rectal cooling with the help of polynomial regression model is the subject of discussion in the present study. Though in literature various models are available but their complex modeling structure and calculation, restricted their application for real life situations, particularly in climatic conditions where the room temperature varies between 60.33o to 91.97 o F like of Chandigarh zone of India. The present study is an attempt to provide a suitable model for estimation of time since death in such conditions. Nonetheless, with the help of polynomial regression model, time since death can be estimated with SE estimate of 0.12947 hours and 0.410277 hours in summer and winter respectively. Moreover, this model has produced smaller confidence and prediction intervals.

Double logarithmic, linear relationship between postmortem vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio and time since death in subjects of Chandigarh zone of Northwest India.

Present authors had recently demonstrated a highly significant double logarithmic linear relationship between time since death and serum sodium/potassium concentration ratio and also with the serum chloride concentration in humans. Consecutively the present study was carried out to substantiate this disposition in vitreous humour. The data on postmortem vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio in 1026 subjects, revealed a highly significant relationship between logarithm of vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio and logarithm of time since death upto 66 hrs. of death. Postmortem interval can be predicted from vitreous sodium/potassium electrolytes concentration ratio with standard error of estimate 0.1800 hrs. However, factors like environmental temperature, age & gender also influences it significantly.

Eosinophilic leukemoid reaction in a case of bullous pemphigoid.

A 70-year-old woman was having bullous pemphigoid. The blood tests revealed leucocytosis and eosinophilic leukemoid picture, confirmed later on with bone marrow aspiration.